IELTS Vocabulary

Holidays Vocabulary

• all-in package/package holiday: a holiday where you purchase the travel and accommodation together
• breathtaking view: an extremely beautiful view
• charter-flight: a cheaper form of flying than a scheduled flight
• check-in desk: the place at the airport where you register for your flight and deposit your luggage
• departure lounge: where you wait for your flight to be called
• far-off destination: somewhere a long way away
• to get away from it all: to take a holiday to escape a busy or stressful lifestyle
• guided tour: an organized group shown around a place of interest by an expert
• holiday brochure: a glossy publication with details of holiday packages
• holiday destination: where you go for a holiday
• holiday of a lifetime: a special holiday that you are unlikely to repeat
• holiday resort: a place where lots of people go for a holiday
• hordes of tourists: crowds of tourists
• local crafts: objects produced locally
• long weekend: an extended weekend holiday including Friday or Monday
• out of season: outside of the main holiday period
• picturesque village: very pretty village
• passport control: the place where your passport is checked
• places of interest: sites of interest to tourists
• wildlife safari: a holiday, often in Africa, to observe wild animals
• self-catering: a holiday where you supply your own food
• short break: a short holiday
• to go sightseeing:  to look around the tourist sites
• stunning landscape: extremely beautiful countryside
• travel agent: a shop that specializes in booking holidays
• tourist trap: somewhere where too many tourists go
• youth hostel: a cheap form of accommodation

Relationship Vocabulary

• to break up: to end a romantic relationship
• to drift apart: to become less close to someone
• to enjoy someone’s company: to like spending time with someone
• to fall for: to fall in love
• to fall head over heels in love: to start to love someone a lot
• to fall out with: to have a disagreement and stop being friends
• to get on like a house on fire: to like someone’s company very much indeed
• to get on well with: to understand someone and enjoy similar interests
• to get to know: to begin to know someone
• to go back years: to have known someone for a long time
• to have a lot in common: to share similar interests
• to have ups and downs: to have good and bad times
• a healthy relationship: a good, positive relationship
• to hit it off: to quickly become good friends with
• to be in a relationship: to be romantically involved with someone
• to be just good friends: to not be romantically involved
• to keep in touch with: to keep in contact with
• to lose touch with: to not see or hear from someone any longer
• love at first sight: to fall in love immediately you meet someone
• to pop the question: to ask someone to marry you
• to see eye to eye: to agree on a subject
• to settle down: to give up the single life and start a family
• to strike up a relationship:  to begin a friendship
• to tie the knot: to get married
• to be well matched: to be similar to
• to work at a relationship: to try to maintain a positive relationship with someone

Technology Vocabulary

• to access websites/email: to locate
• to back up files: to make a copy of files in case of a computer problem
• to boot up: to start a computer
• to bookmark a webpage: to mark a webpage for future reference
• to browse websites: to look at websites
• a computer buff: an expert computer user
• to crash: to suddenly stop working
• to cut and paste: to move text or images from one place in a document to another place
• a desktop PC: a computer that isn’t portable and remains in situ on a desk
• digital editing: to edit digital materials like audio or video files
• download (podcasts): to save a copy of a file from the internet to your own device
• to enter a web address: to type the address of a website into the address bar of your browser
• a gadget: a technological tool like a mobile phone or camera
• to go online: to start using the Internet
• high-spec (laptop): powerful computer with top quality components
• Internet security: Internet safety
• intranet: a network of connected computers within an organization that is not accessible by unauthorized visitors
• to navigate a website: to find your way around a website
• operating system: the software that tells the computer how to work
• send an attachment: send an email with an accompanying file
• social media: media used to interact with other people such as Facebook or Twitter
• to surf the web: to look at a series of websites one after the other
• a techie: somebody who has an interest in technology
• to upgrade: to obtain a more powerful or feature-rich computer or piece of software
• video conferencing: to see and hear people from different locations using the Internet
• wireless hotspot: a public place where you can access the Internet
• wireless network: a network where users can access the Internet without the use of fixed cables
• word processing; producing written texts on a computer

Sports Vocabulary

• an athletics meeting: an event where various athletics sports are held
• an athletics track: a running track
• an away game: a football match played in the opposing teams stadium
• a brisk walk: a fast walk
• to do judo: (not go or play)
• a football fan: someone who likes football
• a fitness programme: a schedule of activities to keep fit
• a football match: a game of football
• a football pitch: the surface on which you play football (as opposed to a stadium, which is the building)
• a football season: a period in the year when football is played
• to get into shape: to become fit
• to go jogging: to run around the streets
• a home game:  a football match played in the teams own stadium
• to keep fit: to stay in good physically condition
• to be out of condition: to not be physically fit
• a personal best: to achieve the best personal result so far in a sport
• a personal trainer: a sports coach that helps you on a one-to-one basis
• to play tennis/football: (not do or go)
• to run the marathon: to run a distance of 42.195 Kilometres
• a season ticket: a ticket that gives you entry to most of a team’s home games during the sporting year.
• to set a record: to achieve the best result in a sport
• a sports center: a public building where people can do various sports
• sports facilities: the equipment and services needed to do a sport
• a squash/tennis/badminton court: the surface where you play these sports
• strenuous exercise: exercise that needs a lot of physical effort
• a strong swimmer: a good swimmer
• a swimming pool: the place where you swim
• to take up exercise: to start doing exercise
• to train hard: to train with a lot of effort

Food Vocabulary

• to be full up: to eat to the point that you can no longer eat any more
• to be starving hungry: an exaggerated way of saying you are very hungry
• to bolt something down: to eat something very quickly
• to be dying of hunger: an exaggerated way of saying you are hungry
• to eat a balanced diet: to eat the correct types and amounts of food
• to eat like a horse: to eat a lot
• to follow a recipe: to cook a meal using instructions
• to foot the bill: to pay the bill
• a fussy eater: somebody who has their own very high standards about what to eat
• to grab a bite to eat: to eat something quickly (when you’re in a rush)
• to have a sweet tooth: to enjoy sugary food
• home-cooked food: food cooked at home from individual ingredients
• the main meal:  the most important meal of the day, usually eaten in the evening
• to make your mouth water: to make you feel very hungry for something
• to play with your food: to push food around the plate to avoid eating it
• processed food: commercially prepared food bought for convenience
• a quick snack: to eat a small amount of food between meals
• a ready meal: see ‘processed food’
• a slap up meal: a large meal
• to spoil your appetite: to eat something that will stop you feeling hungry when it’s meal-time.
• a take away: a cooked meal prepared in a restaurant and eaten at home
• to tuck into: to eat something with pleasure
• to wine and dine: to entertain someone by treating them to food and drink
• to work up an appetite: to do physical work that leads to you becoming hungry

Education Vocabulary

• to attend classes: to go to classes
• bachelors degree: an undergraduate course which usually lasts 3-4 years
• boarding school: a school where pupils live during term time
• distance learning: a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post
• face-to-face classes: as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher
• to fall behind with your studies: to progress less quickly than others
• to give feedback: to offer guidance on a student’s work
• a graduation ceremony: an event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree
• higher education: education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school
• an intensive course: a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible
• to keep up with your studies: to not fall behind
• to learn something by heart: to memorize it
• a mature student: a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a period at work
• masters degree: a period of study which often follows the completion of a bachelors degree or is undertaken by someone regarded as capable of a higher-level academic course
• to meet a deadline: to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed
• to play truant: to stay away from classes without permission
• private language school: an independent school run as a business concern
• public schools: exclusive independent schools in the UK
• a single-sex school: a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school)
• to sit an exam: to take an exam
• state school: a school paid for by public funds and available to the general public
• subject specialist: a teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the subject they teach.
• to take a year out: to spend a year working or traveling before starting university
• tuition fees: the money paid for a course of study
• to work your way through university: to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially

Work Vocabulary

• to be called for an interview: to be invited to attend an interview
• to be your own boss: to have your own business
• a dead-end job: a job with no promotional opportunities
• to do a job-share: to share the weekly hours of work with another person
• a good team player: somebody who can work well with other people
• full-time: the number of hours that people usually work in a complete week
• a heavy workload: to have a lot of work to do
• a high-powered job: an important or powerful job
• holiday entitlement: the number of days holiday allowed
• job satisfaction: the feeling of enjoying a job
• manual work: work that requires physical activity
• maternity leave: time off work given to a woman about to have a baby
• to meet a deadline: to finish a job by an agreed time
• a nine-to-five job: a normal job that consists of an 8 hour day (approximately)
• one of the perks of the job: an extra benefit you get from a job
• part-time: working less than full-time
• to run your own business: see ‘to be your own boss’
• to be self-employed: see ‘to be your own boss’
• sick leave: time allowed off work when sick
• to be stuck behind a desk: to be unhappy in an office job
• to be/get stuck in a rut: to be in a boring job that is hard to leave
• to take early retirement: to retire early (retire: to reach an age when you are allowed to stop working for a living)
• temporary work: work done for a limited time only
• voluntary work: to work without pay
• to be well paid: to earn a good salary
• working conditions: the hours, salary and other entitlements that come with the job
• to work with your hands: to do manual work

Health Vocabulary

• ches and pains: minor pains that continue over a period of time
• to be a bit off colour: to feel a little ill
• to be at death’s door: (informal) to be very ill indeed
• to be on the mend: to be recovering after an illness
• to be over the worst: to have got through the most serious or uncomfortable stage of an illness
• to be under the weather: (informal) to not feel well
• a blocked nose: when the nose has excess fluid due to a cold
• to catch a cold: to get a cold
• a check-up: a physical examination by a doctor
• a chesty cough: a cough caused by congestion around the lungs
• cuts and bruises: minor injuries
• to feel poorly: to feel ill
• as fit as a fiddle: to be very healthy
• to go down with a cold: to become ill
• to go private: to choose to be treated by commercial healthcare rather than by services offered by the state
• GP: General Practitioner (family doctor)
• to have a filling: to have a tooth repaired
• to have a tooth out: to have a tooth removed
• a heavy cold: a bad cold
• to make an appointment: to arrange a time to see the doctor
• to make a speedy recovery: to recover quickly from an illness
• to phone in sick: to call work to explain you won’t be attending work due to illness
• prescription charges: money the patient pays for medicine authorised by a doctor
• to pull a muscle: to strain a muscle
• a runny nose: a nose that has liquid coming out of it
• a sore throat: inflammation that causes pain when swallowing

Books and Films Vocabulary

• an action movie: a film with fast moving scenes, often containing violence
• to be engrossed in: to be completely focused on one thing
• bedtime reading: something to read in bed before you go to sleep
• to be a big reader: someone who reads a lot
• to be based on: to use as a modal
• a box office hit: a financially successful film
• to be heavy-going: difficult to read
• a blockbuster: a film that is a big commercial success
• to catch the latest movie: to see a film that has just come out
• the central character: the main person in a film or book
• a classic: of the highest quality
• to come highly recommended: to be praised by another person
• couldn’t put it down: wasn’t able to stop reading a book
• an e-book: a digital book
• an e-reader: a device for reading e-books
• to flick through: to look quickly through a book
• to get a good/bad review: to receive positive or negative feedback
• to go on general release: when a film can be seen by the general public
• hardback: a book with a rigid cover (see ‘paperback’ below)
• a historical novel: a story set in the past
• a low budget film: a film made with a small amount of money
• on the big screen: at the cinema
• a page turner: a book that you want to keep reading
• paperback: a book with a flexible cover (see ‘hardback’ above)
• plot: the main events in a film or book
• to read something from cover to cover: to read a book from the first page to the last
• sci-fi: science fiction
• to see a film: to see a film at the cinema (see ‘watch a film’ below)
• the setting: where the action takes place
• showings: performances of a film
• soundtrack: the music that accompanies a film
• special effects: the visuals or sounds that are added to a film which are difficult to produce naturally
• to take out (a book from the library): to borrow a book from the library
• to tell the story of: to outline the details of someone’s life or an event
• to watch a film: to watch a film on TV (see ‘to see a film’ above)

Accommodation Vocabulary

• (all the) mod cons: technology at home that makes jobs easier such as a washing machine, dishwasher etc.
• apartment block: a large building made up of smaller units of apartments
• back garden: a garden at the rear of the house
• detached house: a house that is not physically connected to another property
• to do up a property: to repair an old building
• dream home: a home you regard as perfect
• first-time buyer: someone buying a property for the first time, especially when taking out a loan (mortgage)
• fully-furnished: a rented property with all furniture included
• to get on the property ladder: to buy a property with the aim of buying another bigger or more expensive one later in life
• hall of residence: a college or university building where students live
• home comforts: things that make a home feel comfortable to live in
• house-hunting: looking for a property to live in
• house-warming party: a party to celebrate moving into a new home
• ideal home: a perfect home
• to live on campus: to live on the university or college grounds
• mobile home: a home that can be moved by a vehicle or one that has its own engine
• to move into: to begin to live in a property
• to own your own home: to have bought the property you live in
• to pay rent in advance: weekly or monthly rent paid at the beginning of the week or month
• permanent address: a fixed address
• property market: the buying and selling of land or buildings
• to put down a deposit: to pay an amount of money as the first in a series of future payments
• rented accommodation: property owned by someone else and for which a person pays a fixed amount to live in
• single room: a room for one person
• spacious room: a large room
• student digs: student accommodation
• the suburbs: a residential area on the edge of towns or cities
• to take out a mortgage: to borrow a large amount of money, paid back over several years, in order to buy a house
• terraced house: a house connected on both sides by other properties

Clothes and Fashion Vocabulary

• to be on trend: to be very fashionable
• casual clothes: not formal
• classic style: a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable
• designer label: a well-known company that makes (often expensive) clothing
• dressed to kill: wearing clothes that attract admirers
• to dress for the occasion: to wear clothes suitable for a particular event
• fashionable: in fashion
• fashion house: a company that sells (usually expensive) new styles in clothes
• fashion icon: a person who is famous for their sense of fashion
• fashion show: an event where modals show off the latest in fashion designs
• to get dressed up: to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special
• to go out of fashion: to not be in fashion any more
• hand-me-downs: clothes that are passed down from older brothers or sisters to their younger siblings
• to have an eye for (fashion): to be a good judge of
• to have a sense of style: the ability to wear clothes that look stylish
• the height of fashion: very fashionable
• to keep up with the latest fashion: to wear the latest fashions
• to look good in: to wear something that suits you
• to mix and match: to wear different styles or items of clothing that aren’t part of a set outfit
• must-have: something that is highly fashionable and therefore in demand
• off the peg: clothing that is ready made
• old fashioned: not in fashion any more
• on the catwalk: the stage that modals walk along to show off the latest fashions
• a slave to fashion: someone who always feel the need to wear the latest fashions
• smart clothes: the kind of clothes worn for a formal event
• to suit someone: to look good on someone
• to take pride in one’s appearance: to pay attention to how one looks
• timeless: something that doesn’t go out of fashion
• vintage clothes: clothes from an earlier period
• well-dressed: to be dressed attractively

Personality Vocabulary

• to be the life and soul of the party: a fun person, someone who is the centre of activity
• to bend over backwards: to try very hard to help someone
• broad-minded: prepared to accept other views or behaviours
• easy-going: relaxed and not easily worried about anything
• extrovert: an energetic person who likes the company of others
• fair-minded: to treat people equally
• fun-loving: to enjoy having fun
• to hide one’s light under a bushel: to hide one’s talents and skills
• good company: enjoyable to socialise with
• good sense of humour: the ability to understand what is funny
• introvert: someone who is shy
• laid-back: see ‘easy-going’
• to lose one’s temper: to suddenly become angry
• narrow minded: opposite of ‘broad-minded’ (see above)
• painfully shy: very shy
• to put others first: to think of others before yourself
• quick-tempered: to become angry quickly
• reserved: shy
• self-assured: confident
• self-centred: thinks only of oneself
• self-confident: believes in one’s own ability or knowledge
• self-effacing: to not try to get the attention of others (especially in terms of hiding one’s skills or abilities)
• to take after: to be like (often another member of the family)
• thick-skinned:  not easily affected by criticism
• trustworthy: can be trusted
• two-faced: not honest or sincere. Will say one thing to someone to their face and another when they are not present.

Business Vocabulary

• to balance the books: to not spend more money than you are earning
• to be self-employed: to work for yourself/to not work for an employer
• to cold call: to make a sales call to someone without asking them for permission first
• cut throat competition: when one company lowers its prices, forcing other companies to do the same, sometimes to a point where business becomes unprofitable
• to do market research: to do research into what potential customers would or wouldn’t buy
• to draw up a business plan: to write a plan for a new business
• to drum up business: to try to get customers
• to earn a living: to earn money
• to go bust: when a business is forced to close because it is unsuccessful
• cash flow: the money coming in and going out of a business
• to go into business with: to join another person to start or expand a business
• to go it alone: to start your own business
• to go under: (see ‘to go bust’)
• to have a web presence: to have a website or social  media profile that showcases your business
• to launch a product: to start selling and promoting a new product
• to lay someone off: when a company ends an employee’s contract of employment
• lifestyle business: a business that is set up to bring in a sufficient income and no more
• to make a profit: to earn more money than it costs to run the business
• niche business: a business that serves a small, particular market
• to raise a company profile: to make more people aware of a business
• to run your own business: to have a business of your own
• sales figures: a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services
• to set up a business: to start a business
• stiff competition: strong competition from other companies in the same area of work
• to take on employees: to employ people
• to take out a loan: to borrow money
• to win a contract: when a business gets legally-binding work with an individual or company
• to work for yourself: (see ‘to be self-employed’)

Physical Appearance Vocabulary

• to bear a striking resemblance: to look very similar to
• cropped hair: very short hair
• disheveled hair: untidy hair
• to dress up to the nines: to dress very smartly or glamorously
• fair hair: light-coloured hair
• to be fair-skinned: light skinned
• to get done up: to dress smartly
• to be getting on a bit: to be getting old
• to go grey: to have hair that is turning grey
• to be good looking: to be attractive
• to grow old gracefully: to act in a way that embraces the fact you are getting older
• to be hard of hearing: to find it difficult to hear
• in his/her 30s/40s: to be 20/30 something
• scruffy: dressed untidily
• to look young for your age: to look younger than you are
• to lose one’s figure: to have a figure that has lost its toned shape
• complexion: natural skin colour and texture
• make up: cosmetics
• medium height: average height
• middle-aged: approximately between 45-65
• to never have a hair out of place: perfectly styled hair
• to be overweight: to weigh more than is regarded as healthy
• pointed face: the opposite of a round face
• shoulder-length hair: hair that comes down to the shoulders and no further
• slender figure: a figue that is tall and slim
• slim figure: attractively thin
• thick hair: a lot of hair
• to wear glasses: to use spectacles
• to be well-built: to be muscular
• to be well-turned out: to look smart
• youthful appearance: to look young

Town and City Vocabulary

• boarded up shops: shops that are no longer doing business
• chain stores: well-known brands with shops in multiple cities
• to close down: to stop doing business
• fashionable boutiques: fashionable clothes shops
• to get around: to travel around
• high-rise flats: multi-story apartments
• inner-city: the central part of a city where people live and where conditions are often poor
• in the suburbs: the outer area of large towns and cities where people live
• lively bars/restaurants: bars or restaurants with a good atmosphere
• local facilities: local buildings or services serving the public
• multi-story car parks: car parks on several floors
• office block: a large building that contains offices
• out of town shopping centre/retail park: large shopping centres outside of the town or city
• pavement cafe: cafes with tables outside on the pavement
• places of interest: buildings that have a particular interest for visitors
• poor housing: housing that is not in good condition
• public spaces: areas in a town or city that are open to the public
• public transport system:  public vehicles such as buses and trains that operate at regular times on fixed routes
• residential area: an area where people live
• run down: old and of a poor standard
• shopping centre: an area consisting of multiple shops
• shopping malls: large indoor shopping centres
• sprawling city: a city that has grown over time and which covers a wide area
• tourist attraction: a place of interest to tourists
• traffic congestion: heavy traffic making it difficult to move around a town or city
• upmarket shops: expensive fashionable shops

Music Vocabulary

• adoring fans: people who love a particular band or singer
• background music: music that is played while something else is happening
• a catchy tune: a song that is easy to remember and makes you want to sing it
• classical music: music that is regarded as part of a long, formal tradition
• to download tracks: to obtain music from the Internet
• to have a great voice: to sing well
• to go on tour: to go on a planned series of performances around a region or country
• a huge following: a large number of fans
• live music: music that is listened to while it is performed (not recorded)
• live performance: (see live music)
• a massive hit: a record that sells lots of copies
• a music festival: music performances at a venue often over several days
• musical talent: skilled at music
• to be/sing out of tune: to not be in harmony/to sing the wrong notes
• a piece of music: an item of music
• to play by ear: to play without reading the musical notes
• a pop group: a small group of people who play or sing pop music together
• to read music: to understand and follow written musical notes
• a rock band: a group of musicians that play rock music
• to sing along to: to join in singing
• a sing-song: to sing informally, often with other people
• a slow number: a song with a slow tempo
• to take up a musical instrument: to begin learning a musical instrument
• taste in music: the music someone likes
• to be tone deaf: to be unable to distinguish the different notes in music

Weather Vocabulary

• to be below freezing: below zero degrees Celsius
• bitterly cold: very cold and unpleasant
• a blanket of snow: a complete covering of snow
• boiling hot: very hot (informal)
• changeable: weather that often changes
• a change in the weather: when weather conditions change
• clear blue skies: a sky without clouds
• to clear up: when clouds or rain disappear
• to come out (the sun): when the sun appears out of a cloudy sky
• a cold spell: a short period of cold weather
• to dress up warm: to wear warm clothes to protect yourself against wintry conditions
• a drop of rain: a little bit of rain
• a flash flood: a sudden and severe flood
• freezing cold: very cold (informal)
• to get caught in the rain: to be outside when it rains unexpectedly
• to get drenched: to get very wet
• heatstroke: a serious condition caused by being too long in hot weather
• a heatwave: a period of very hot weather
• heavy rain: intense rainfall
• long-range forecast: the weather forecast for several days or weeks ahead
• mild climate: a climate without extreme weather conditions
• mild winter: a winter that isn’t particularly cold
• not a cloud in the sky: see ‘clear blue skies’ above
• to pour down: to rain heavily
• to be rained off: to be cancelled or postponed due to poor weather
• sunny spells: short periods of sunny weather
• thick fog: a dense fog that makes visibility very poor
• torrential rain: see ‘heavy rain’ above
• tropical storm: a storm typical of ones that you find in tropical climates
• weather forecast: a TV/radio programme or section in a newspaper/magazine which predicts weather conditions

Shopping Vocabulary

• advertising campaign: a series of advertisements to persuade people to buy something
• big brand names: large well-known companies or product names
• to be careful with money: to not over-spend
• carrier bag: bags (usually plastic) supplied by shops
• customer service: the degree to which customers are treated well
• to get into debt: to owe money
• to give someone the hard sell: to put pressure on someone to buy something
• high street names: well-known shops
• independent stores: small shops independent of large companies
• local shops: community shops
• loyalty card: a card issued by a shop to allow customers to save money on the basis of what they spend
• must-have product: a product that is very popular that a lot of people want to have
• to be on a tight budget: to have a limited amount of money to spend
• to be on commission: to pay someone in relation to the amount they sell
• a pay in cash: to pay for something using coins or paper money
• to pay the full price: to pay the full amount for something
• to pick up a bargain: to buy something much cheaper than the normal price
• to run up a credit card bill: to owe money on a credit card
• to shop around: to try different shops to find the best deal
• shop assistant: the person who serves customers
• to shop until you drop: to do a lot of shopping
• to slash prices: to reduce prices a great deal
• to snap up a bargain: to buy something quickly that is being sold cheaply
• summer sales: a period in the year when things are sold cheaply
• to try something on: to see if an item of clothing fits or is suitable
• to be value for money: to be worth the cost
• window shopping: to visit a store to look at items without the intention of buying anything

Environment Vocabulary

• air quality: the cleanliness of the air we breathe
• to become extinct: to no longer exist
• to be under threat: to be in danger of becoming extinct
• climate change: the change in worldwide weather patterns
• to die out: see ‘to become extinct’
• endangered species: categories of animals or plants that are in danger of becoming extinct
• energy conservation: the careful management of energy resources to ensure they last as long as possible
• environmentally friendly: behaviour and products that do not harm the environment
• exhaust fumes: the toxic gases given off by vehicles powered by petrol
• flash floods: floods that happen quickly
• fossil fuels: energy resources like gas and oil that are produced deep below the ground over millions of years
• future generations: the people who live after us
• to get back to nature: to live a life that is closer to nature
• global warming: the increasing temperature of the world brought about by gases such as carbon dioxide
• heavy industry: the manufacture of heavy articles and materials in large numbers
• humanitarian aid: the act of showing support to people struggling to survive
• impact on: the effect on
• loss of habitat: the decline in areas of land where animals and plants would normally exist
• man-made disaster: widespread damage or loss of life brought about by the action of humans
• natural disaster: an event such as an earthquake,  flood or hurricane which causes widespread damage or loss of life
• natural environment: the place where animals and plants would normally be found in nature
• the natural world: the world of nature
• oil spill: waste usually deposited in the seas and oceans after an accident at sea
• poaching: to hunt and kill wild animals illegally
• pollution levels: the amount of toxic waste
• pressure group: a group of people who try to raise awareness of issues and try to affect the views and actions of people and organisations
• toxic waste: poisonous, unwanted rubbish often produced by industrial processes
• wildlife conservation: to protect animals and plants and their habitats

Advertising Vocabulary

• advertising agency: a company that creates adverts for other companies
• advertising budget: the amount of money a company decides to spend on advertising
• brand awareness: how well people know a particular brand
• brand loyalty: the degree to which people continue to buy from the same brand or company
• buy and sell: often used to refer to the buying and selling of items between individuals
• call to action: something that encourages someone to take a particular action, such as making a purchase or clicking a link on a website
• celebrity endorsement: to have a well-known person promote a product
• classified ads: small advertisements often put in a newspaper or magazine by individuals
• to cold call: to call someone with the aim of selling something without them asking you to do so
• commercial break: the short period during TV programmes when advertisements are shown
• commercial channel: TV channels that make money from showing advertisements
• to go viral: to quickly become extremely popular on the Internet through social media
• junk mail: unwanted promotional leaflets and letters
• to launch a product: to introduce a new product
• mailing list: a list of names and contact details used by a company to send information and advertisements
• mass media: large media outlets like TV, newspapers and magazines
• niche product: a product that is aimed at a distinct group of people
• to place an advert: to put an advert somewhere
• press release: something written by a company for newspapers and magazines and websites to share and publish
• prime time: the time during the viewing schedule when most people watch TV or listen to a broadcast
• product placement: to advertise a product by using it as a prop in a TV show or film
• sales page: a page specifically used to promote a product or service
• to show adverts: to display adverts on TV
• social media: websites that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking.
• spam email: unwanted, promotional email
• target audience: the people a company want to sell their product or service to
• word of mouth: recommendations made by individuals to other individuals about a product of service